Near East: Romanization

Covers North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Turkey, east from the Levant throught Iran, and Central Asia, the languages of those regions, and Islam.

Romanization Tables

Transliteration table for Brill Online and Library of Congress Arabic

Abbreviations: A = Arabic; T= Turkish; P = Persian
	EI 3 - EWIC - EQ	EI 2	Library of Congress Arabic
ء	ʾ (Unicode 02BE)	ʾ	ʾ
ﺍ	a, ā/Ā	a, ā	a, ā, Ā
ﺏ	b	b	b
پ	p	p
ﺕ	t	t	t
ﺙ	th	t̲h̲	th
ﺝ	A: j T: c	d̲j̲	j
چ	ç	č
ﺡ	ḥ	ḥ	ḥ
ﺥ	kh	k̲h̲	kh
خو	kh^w	k̲h̲^w
ﺩ	d	d	d
ﺫ	dh	d̲h̲	dh
ﺭ	r	r	r
ﺯ	z	z	z
ژ	zh	z̲h̲
ﺱ	s	s	s
ﺵ	sh	s̲h̲	sh
ﺹ	ṣ	ṣ	ṣ
ﺽ	ḍ	ḍ	ḍ
ﻁ	ṭ	ṭ	ṭ
ﻅ	ẓ	ẓ	ẓ
ﻉ	ʿ (Unicode O2BF)	ʿ	ʿ
ﻍ	gh	g̲h̲	gh
ﻑ	f	f	f
ﻕ	q	ḳ	q
ﻙ	k	A: k; T: k, g [ğ]; ñ	k
ﻝ	l	l	l
ﻡ	m	m	m
ﻥ	n	n	n
ﻩ	h	h	h
ة	a (at in idafah)	a (at in idafah)	h (t in idafah, i.e. always preceded by “a”: ah, at )
ﻭ	w/v, ū/Ū, -uww	w/v, ū, -uww	w
ى/ﻱ	ī/Ī, -iyy-	ī/Ī, -iyy-	y
Short Vowels	a, e, I, I, o, ö, u, ü	a, e, I, I, o, ö, u, ü	a, i, o, u
Grammatical Points
	No sun letters	Uses sun letters	No sun letters
	Wa-l-kitab	Wa-al-kitab	Wa-al-kitab
	b. bt. Except Ibn Hazm	b. bt. Except Ibn Hazm	Ibn, bint, except for North African names: Bin Khiddah
Alif Maqsura	ā	ā	ā
Nisba adjectives	al-Miṣriyya	al-Miṣriyya	al-Miṣrīyah