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Search by Field

There are two ways to limit your search term(s) to a specific field:

1. Search for words or phrases in a specific field by using PubMed Search Tags & Field Qualifiers.  Place the two-letter abbreviation for the field in square brackets after the search terms.  Examples:

   asthma[ti]  will limit asthma to the the title of the article

   asthma[majr]  will limit asthma appearing as a major Medical Subject Heading (MeSH).  Note:  term chosen must be a established MeSH term

2. You can also designate fields for searching by using the Advanced Search Builder on the Advanced Search page. Use the pull-down menus to select a field before entering a term in the search builder box.  Terms entered in the builder are automatically added to the search box. Note that the default Boolean operator is AND; if desired, choose OR or NOT from the pull-down menu.

Combining Search Statements

Found on the Advanced Search screen, History holds your search strategies and results from your current search session. There are two ways to combine your search statements:

1. You may combine previous searches or add additional terms to an existing search by using the pound sign (#) before the search number in the builder box.
   Examples:

   #2 AND #6

   #3 AND drug therapy

2. Click the search number to display additional options to add the search to the Builder, including Boolean operators OR or NOT.

Using MeSH to Search

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) are a set (thesaurus) of standardized terms that describe the content of articles in MEDLINE. MeSH terms are assigned to each article. Terms are chosen to cover both the central aspects of an article (major headings) and other significant information discussed (minor headings).

By using terms from the MeSH thesaurus, all articles on a given topic can be found regardless of the terminology used by the authors.

Use MeSH to:

• Identify appropriate terms
• Confirm definitions
• Search by a subject
• Build a search strategy
• Apply subheadings
• Focus search results
• Limit or expand retrieval

MeSH Database:  Search;   Combine & Subheadings

Links to MeSH are found at the bottom of the Home page and under More Resources at the top of the Advanced Search screen. Allows you to select specific MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) and subheadings to focus your search. See the Search, Combine and Subheadings videos for instructions.

Note: Searching with only MeSH terms excludes the most current citations in process and publisher-supplied citations as they are not indexed with MeSH.

• For a more detailed listing of subject heading terms see NLM's MeSH Browser
• For MeSH indexing hints see below.
• For an NLM tutorial on MeSH, see Medical Subject Headings in MEDLINE/PubMed: A Tutorial

MeSH Indexing Tips

 By using terms from the MeSH thesaurus, all articles on a given topic can be found regardless of the terminology used by the authors.

Specificity -- Each article is indexed to the most specific MeSH terms available, e.g., an article on acne is indexed under acne, but not under skin diseases.

Near Match -- Articles with no exact match are indexed to the closest related MeSH term, e.g., seminal vesiculitis to seminal vesicles, pseudoappendicitis to appendicitis, nursing caps to clothing.

Two Terms -- The most precise way to cover a topic may be two MeSH terms in combination, e.g., jejunitis to jejunal diseases and enteritis.

Textwords -- It is assumed you will use textwords in some cases to define a subject, e.g. tobacco smoke pollution (MeSH term) and passive (textword) to retrieve passive smoking.

Check Tags -- Large-volume concepts are routinely "checked" for in each article by indexers. Check tags pinpoint specific age groups, males or females, humans or animals, publication types, etc.

Drugs -- Drugs are indexed under the generic name, e.g., valium is indexed to diazepam.

Medical Specialty -- There are separate terms for the medical specialty and the disease or organ, e.g., endocrinology is the specialty versus endocrine diseases or endocrine glands.

Neoplasms -- Neoplasms are indexed to site and histologic type, e.g., adenocarcinoma of the colon is indexed to both colonic neoplasms and adenocarcinoma.

Relational Concepts -- Some relational concepts cannot be indexed precisely, e.g., degrees of quality or quantity, specific time relationships, primary versus secondary except for neoplasms, general body positions. Try or experiment with textwords for these concepts. Even then you may not retrieve the relationship you wish.

About

PubMed uses Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) for any term entered without a search field assigned to it. Go to Search Details to view the results of ATM for your search term(s); you might find that it has worked well for your concepts, or that it is the source of irrelevant results. To enhance your search, you may copy the helpful ATM suggestions to your search and leave behind the ones that don't fit.